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sions and are jointly working towards alleviating the problem. This is an easier problem to resolve from a technical and economic aspect than the noise allevia- tion problem, and it will probably be eliminated in the foreseeable future as a factor which the airport planner must deal with. However, the anticipated effects of air pollution and considerations given thereto should be reported in the airport master plan. 38. Natural Environmental Values. Public opposition to aircraft noise and the increasing re- quirements for land and airspace are causing new airports to be located away from built-up areas. But airport locations in the open countryside do not neces- sarily provide a solution to the problem of environ- ment. Ecological problems must be carefully studied in the selection of an airport site. Locations in or near national parks and wilderness areas or areas designated as wildlife and waterfowl refuges, public recreation areas, and historical monu- ments should not be considered for airport development unless there are no feasible alternatives. Also, expan- sion of existing airports into or adjacent to such areas should be avoided where possible. 39. Water Pollution. Although the means of controlling water pollution is probably the best under- stood aspect of the environmental problem, it should be studied carefully in the development of the airport master plan and means for overcoming water pollution problems should be incorporated in the plan. An airport can be a major contributor to water pollution if suitable treatment facilities for airport wastes are not provided. Sources of water pollution are: a. Domestic Sewage from Airport Facili- ties. The need for sewage treatment plants or for construction of trunk sewers from the airport to exist- ing community facilities should be analyzed. The need for keeping industrial wastes from hangar and fueling areas separate from domestic sewage is essen- tial. When industrial wastes are introduced into sew- age treatment plants, they will often prohibit the proper treatment of sewage. Regardless of how do- mestic sewage is treated, the process should be such that the effluent of sewage treatment plants will not pollute recipient water sources. b. Industrial Wastes. Industrial wastes should be kept separate from domestic sewage and should be treated at the airport's industrial waste treatment plant. Oil wastes should be separated from other industrial wastes by the construction 'of special fuel (API) sepa- rators. Provisions should be made in storm drainage systems for containing apron fuel spills before they 22 reach natural courses of water. Regardless of how industrial wastes are treated, the process should be such that effluents from industrial waste will not pol- lute recipient water sources. c. High Temperature Water Degradation. It is conceivable that large regional airports will have independent sources of power supply or other indus- trial elements which will produce high temperature cooling water effluents. High temperature effluents pollute streams and cause ecological changes. There- fore, provisions must be made for cooling high tem- perature effluents before they are. introduced into nat- ural water courses. 40. Environmental Changes Caused By Air- port Site Developments. The site developments proposed in airport master plans will often have im- portant impacts on the natural environment. This is particularly true of developments proposed for very large airports where site work will cover thousands of acres. Flowing streams and major drainage courses may be changed, the habitats of wildlife may be dis- rupted, and natural areas including wilderness and seashores may be reshaped. Mines and quarries may be developed for the supply of airport construction materials. The airport planner should take these factors into account in the development of the master plan. Other- wise, the construction program proposed for the master plan airport may not be realized. Factors to be con- sidered in planning airport site developments should include: a. Rehabilitation of quarry and mining areas which are developed for supply of airport construction materials. b. Development of alternate areas and preserves for wildlife areas disrupted by airport site develop- ment. c. The proper relocation of stream beds and preservation of drainage courses in the mass grading of airport areas. d. The construction of flood control dams to ac- commodate increased water runoffs and silting caused by airfield paving and grading. e. The preservation or relocation of natural areas disturbed by airport land acquisitions and site de- velopments. 41. Federal Policy in Environmental Prob- lems. Section 4 (f) of the Department of Transpor- tation Act requires responsible Federal action in st