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way that would b{ compatible with the surrounding
<br />character, budd, ngs, or landscape.
<br />Lot Requirements[ (total responses: 69). Most lot size
<br />reqmrements were. determ,ned by the mm~mum lot size
<br />allowed for whate~er zoning district the tower would be
<br />built in. In actual Oumbers, they were reported in either
<br />square footage or ak:reage. The smallest lot size reported
<br />was 5,000 square f~et, and the largest was 10 acres. The
<br />other common me~hod for determining lot size was to
<br />make it a function ~f tower height. Again, the tower-
<br />toppling factor is t[~e primary justification for using this
<br />method. We speculate that concern over the proximity of
<br />adjacent uses to an ~MF source may also have been a
<br />reason for the largei; lot sizes, but nobody reported this.
<br />
<br />APA's Cellular Facilities Reference Packe~ a compilation of
<br /> literature and ord[inances', is available to Planning
<br /> Advisory Service }ubscribers free 0f charge; $50 for
<br /> nonsubscribers. ~ ' '
<br />Health Effects of Lo~ Frequency Electric antimagnetic Fields,
<br /> Oak Ridge Assoc~ted Universities, 1992.
<br />"Implementation of[the New Telecommunications Bill,"
<br /> tape of session at l~lational Association of Counties
<br /> (NACO) legislatD, e conference, March 3, 1996.
<br /> Available from Re~orded Resources, Inc., 8205 R Clover
<br /> Leaf Drive, Mille~ville, MD 21108 (410-969-TAPE)..
<br /> Cost: $8 plus $2 shipping, check or money order.
<br /> Reference # 96-10[ tape 7.
<br />Surviving the Telecommunications Act: What Local
<br /> Government ProfeSsional Need to Know; International
<br /> City/County Man/~gers Association and Government
<br /> Technology host a ~elecommunications Bill Workshop,
<br /> 'May 14, 1996. Hyatt Regency Hotel, Sacramento,
<br /> California. (202-289-4262).
<br />"Telecommunication~ Act of 1996~What It Means to
<br /> Your City?", tape o~session at National League of Cities
<br /> (NLC) conference, ~/larch i0, 1996, available from
<br /> National League of~42ities (703-549-7334). Cost: $12
<br /> plus $2 for shippinfl[, Referenci # 1119-96, tape 26.
<br />Wireless Coramunicati4ns Facilities [ssue$ PaPer, San Diego
<br /> Association of Gov&nments, 1995 (6197595-5300).
<br /> Cost: $5. '
<br />
<br />Accessory Structures (~otal responses: 91). There were 91
<br />responses to this questi{~n. Accessory structures are
<br />sometimes required to ~house transmitting or maintenance
<br />equipment. These comments seemed to vary widely, and
<br />there was no prevailingipractice. Many communities
<br />applied the accessory st{ucture requirements for the
<br />zoning district; others r,~quired only that accessory
<br />structures meet the building code. Some required that
<br />accessory structures for {owers in residential districts be
<br />designed to resemble thc neighbothood's basic residential
<br />house design. Others re~luired design review board
<br />approval. Some places li}ted separate accessory structure
<br />setbacks from both the ~roperty line and the tower itself.
<br />Some required that they!be located within the buffer and
<br />others that the structure ~ave its own buffer, landscaping,
<br />or screening. For situatiOr~s where the tower itself is an
<br />accessory structure to a lJsincipal use, the related buildings
<br />were required to have th~ sa.me building design or
<br />
<br /> materials as the principal use. In other words, ifa tower
<br /> and its associated equipment box or building were an
<br /> accessory use to an office building made of red brick, the
<br /> equipment facility would also have to be constructed from
<br /> red brick. Two respondents listed provisions for accessory
<br /> structures to rooftop antennas. They required that the
<br /> structures blend in with the building's aesthetic properties
<br /> and not exceed the specific height limits.
<br />
<br />Lighting (total responses: 59). The most common response
<br />was the need for lighting to meet FAA or FCC
<br />requirements. The other common requirement was that
<br />any lighting not result in glare on adjacent property, most
<br />notably residential property. Some respondents described
<br />their provision as "basic security lighting only." A few
<br />specified the use of red lights at night and white strobe
<br />lighting during the day. Others required that lighting be
<br />shielded during the day or because ora scenic overlay
<br />district. Some places specified that lighting could not be
<br />placed above a certain height, such as 15 or 20 feet. One
<br />community specified no flashing lights. The most unusual
<br />requirement was that lighting meet the standards of the
<br />city's "dark sky ordinance." (For more information on
<br />such ordinances, see "Shedding Light on the Urban
<br />Landscape," October 1995.)
<br />
<br />Other Security Requirements (total responses: 44). Almost
<br />all responses described some type of fencing requirement.
<br />Some places specified "climb-proof" fencing, while others ·
<br />specified fencing height or material such as brick, chain-
<br />link, or barbed wire. One community expressly prohibited
<br />the use of barbed wire while another allowed it with a
<br />conditional use permit. A few left: security considerations
<br />up to the discretion of the applicant, and one required
<br />conditional approval by a design review board.
<br />
<br />Maintenance (total responses: 4I). Most of the
<br />maintenance requirements amounted to removing the
<br />rower and related facilities upon their abandomnent,
<br />obsolescence, or cessation of use. The grace period for
<br />removal ranged from 90 days to one year. Some
<br />communities mentioned they had entered into special
<br />maintenance agreements with the owners. Among the
<br />quirkier requirements: that the access road to the site be
<br />kept clear of snow, and that the site landscaping and
<br />sprinkler system be well maintained. One community
<br />offered this response: "If the tower is to be removed,
<br />damaged, knocked down, or blown down, it cannot be
<br />replaced without prior review and approval by the
<br />planning and zoning commission and city council. If the
<br />tower is inoperable and the owner shows no intention to
<br />repair, the tower will be removed."
<br />
<br />Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Emission Standards (total
<br />responses: 23). A word of explanation is in order here. In
<br />general, cellular communications facilities and devices are
<br />associated with low levels of electromagnetic energy. There
<br />are three wireless communication sources that generate
<br />and use it: cellular antennas, hand-held cellular communi-
<br />cation devices, and electrical equipment housed in storage
<br />buildings and switching stations. In terms of the electro-
<br />magnetic spectrum of frequencies, cellular technology
<br />operates at radio frequencies, which are located at the
<br />lower end of the spectrum. When the electromagnetic
<br />energy is generated by radio frequency waves emanating
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