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THE ZONING REPORT Page Tw~. Zoning codes ~r.eeogn~ze different parking needs for the varying characteristics of industrial/ employment activity; by listing several cate- gories of industrials/employment uses in the parking ratio table. ' Parking required by these use categories tenc~ to accord with their em- ployment density. { The basic industriaJ~ use category includes all industrial uses not l~sted in another category. It includes smeltingS(but not mining), casting, stamping, machining,imanufacturing, processing, spinning and weaving, assembly and packaging of goods, products, m~aterials, foodstuffs, chem- icals and chemical~.derived goods, cloth and soft goods, and pape~ and wood products. The warehousing~wholesaling use category might exclude whole.~ale uses having any retail activity, that sells to the public qualified as members as so-call~d wholesalers or buying clubs or as mail-or,er houses having a retail floor area. Otherwis~ wholesale uses open only to bona fide members of the trade and mail- order warehouses ~ith little showroom area function as warehou.~es. The business-pers~.n~al service industrial use category includes u~es that repair, restore or refurbish their work or provide services on a production-line industrial basis. These include machine shops; indu~strial jobbers; heavy and intensive assembly, ~ervice and repair of boil- ers, trucks and spe~cialized commercial vehi- cles; major commerdial auto repair; industrial bakeries; industrial [aundries and dry cleaning plants; and industrialS{ high-speed printers. A few codes separately list mining uses~ for- estry, lumber, agric,~llture and other resource production and pro~essing that occurs on an industrial basis. ~ Codes might also li~t non-passenger industrial terminals of variou~ types, including sorting and transfer operations; bulk storage and transfer of. grains, (~res, sand and gravel, pe- troleum and bulk ~hemicals; rail and team yards; cartage companies and industrial ship- ping. Many codes also Ii~t research laboratories as a separate category, which includes science laboratories and industrial processes that are described as laboratories such as the manufac- ture of pharmaceuticals. Off-street parking required for each of these industrial use categories is tied to the number of employees in perhaps 50% of codes and to floor area in 30% of codes. But 20% of all zon- ing codes and most recent codes require that parking be provided either for employees or floor area, whichever results in the greater number of spaces required. Basic industrial uses require one parking space for each employee on the largest shift, which is imposed by, perhaps, 60% of codes using the employee standard; to two parking spaces for each three employees on the largest shift, imposed by 30% of codes; and up to one parking space for each four employees on all shifts. A few codes linking parking to employ- ment on the largest shift might also require additional employee spaces to accommodate change of shifts, perhaps an additional 10-25% of the spaces required for employees. Floor area parking requirements for basic industrial uses ranges, in zoning codes, from 350 to 2000 sq ft of industrial floor area per parking...Space, with most recent codes requir- ing one space per 600-700 sq ft of floor area. Codes requiring parking either for employees or floor area typically require one space per employee on the largest shift or per 1000 sq ft of floor area, whichever provides the greater number of spaces. Floor area required per parking space tends to be higher for ratios us- ing the dual standard per space than for ratios requiring only floor area per space. Warehousing and distribution uses, bona fide wholesale uses and industrial terminals require one space per employee on the largest shift or one space for every 500-4000 sq ft of floor area, typically one space per 1000 sq ft of floor area. Wholesale uses might also be re- quired to provide one to five spaces for custo- mer parking. For very large warehouse~ some codes allow the floor-area ratio per space to be reduced to 2000-10,000 sq ft of floor area for spaces re- quired beyond the first 50,000-100,000 sq ft in August 19, 1994 issue .! i