|
® The graphic-rich New York City Street Design Manual
<br />shows potential appropriate complete streets
<br />elements by street typology.
<br />mutually beneficial site design is achieved
<br />as a public - private partnership between the
<br />developer and the zoning authority. There are
<br />several ways a developer can be encouraged to
<br />contribute to completing the streets including
<br />• expedited permitting processes;
<br />• easing of other requirements —such as
<br />parking reductions if elements to complete
<br />adjacent streets are constructed;
<br />• tax abatement for construction of im-
<br />provements; and
<br />• public- private partnerships for maintain-
<br />ing CS elements once constructed.
<br />Finally, as with any addition to a set
<br />of zoning regulations, new language for
<br />completing the streets must be correlated,
<br />reconciled, and cross- referenced to other
<br />design requirements. For example, parking
<br />provisions that allow for shared parking
<br />within walking distance of a use should be
<br />cross- referenced with design guidelines for
<br />sidewalks to note that sidewalks should be
<br />located and designed with connectivity in
<br />mind to facilitate use of off -site spaces.
<br />CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
<br />Beyond ensuring that developers provide CS
<br />elements within a site, zoning authorities can
<br />also both require and encour-
<br />age sites to be designed to
<br />integrate well with a network
<br />of public complete streets.
<br />While there are limited exam-
<br />ples out there today of com-
<br />munities that have done this
<br />through their development
<br />regulations, it is a worthwhile
<br />objective that, hopefully,
<br />will be pursued more in the
<br />future. The goal is not only
<br />connectivity and multimodal
<br />access both within and
<br />among developments, but to
<br />create lasting partnerships
<br />between the private develop-
<br />ment community and local
<br />governments for providing
<br />complete public streets.
<br />As with all zoning
<br />provisions, the impacts of
<br />CS standards will be most
<br />apparent in the long term.
<br />That is, the pace of private
<br />development is uneven and
<br />as such, only contributes
<br />to the evolution of com-
<br />munity character, including
<br />the street network, over the course of many
<br />years. Furthermore, zoning regulations are
<br />just one of a range of tools that communi-
<br />ties can use to achieve their mobility goals.
<br />Yet, as a community evolves, over time the
<br />contributions of private land development to
<br />the overall public realm, including complete
<br />streets, do add up incrementally and can
<br />become a substantive factor in enhancing
<br />mobility and access. The ultimate challenge
<br />is to take a truly context- sensitive look at
<br />each place where complete streets would be
<br />applied, identify the role that public agencies
<br />and private developers can and should play,
<br />and then craft CS policies accompanied by a
<br />practical program, including targeted zoning
<br />provisions, to see them implemented.
<br />REFERENCES
<br />• Active Transportation Alliance. 2013.
<br />"Active Transportation Policy." Available
<br />at www.atpolicy.org.
<br />• Charlotte (North Carolina) Department of
<br />Transportation, City of. 2007. Urban Street
<br />Design Guidelines Policy Summary.
<br />• Duncan Associates. 2013. See www.im-
<br />pactfees.com.
<br />• Fitzgerald & Halliday, Inc. et al. 2010. City
<br />of New Haven Complete Streets Design
<br />Manual. New Haven, Connecticut: City of
<br />New Haven.
<br />• Frelich, Robert H. and Mark White. 2008.
<br />21st Century Land Development Code.
<br />Chicago: American Planning Association.
<br />• New York Department of Transportation,
<br />City of. 2009. Street Design Manual.
<br />• Parolek, Daniel G., Karen Parolek, and Paul
<br />C. Crawford. 2008. Form -Based Codes.
<br />Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,
<br />Inc.
<br />• Ryan Snyder Associates et al. 2011. Model
<br />Design Manual for Living Streets. Los
<br />Angeles: County of Los Angeles.
<br />• Massachusetts Executive Office of
<br />Energy and Environmental Affairs,
<br />Commonwealth of. 2012. Smart Growth
<br />/Smart Energy Toolkit. Available at www
<br />. mass. gov /envir /smart_growth_toolkit.
<br />• Smart Growth America. 2013. National
<br />Complete Streets Coalition, vvww.smart-
<br />growthamerica.org/complete-streets.
<br />Cover image: 0 IStockphoto .com /Alexander,Gatsenko; design concept by Lisa Barton
<br />VOL. 3o, NO. 2
<br />Zoning Practice is a monthly publication of the American Planning Association. Subscriptions are
<br />available for $95 (U.S.) and $12o (foreign). W. Paul Farmer, FAICP, Chief Executive Officer; William R.
<br />Klein, AICP, Director of Research
<br />Zoning Practice (ISSN 1548 –o135) is produced at APA. Jim Schwab, AICP, and David Morley, AICP, Editors;
<br />Julie Von Bergen, Assistant Editor; Lisa Barton, Design and Production.
<br />Missing and damaged print issues: Contact Customer Service, American Planning Association, 205 N.
<br />Michigan Ave., Suite 120o, Chicago, IL 6o6o1(312- 431 -9100 or customerservice ©planning.org) within
<br />90 days of the publication date. Include the name of the publication, year, volume and issue number or
<br />month, and your name, mailing address, and membership number if applicable.
<br />Copyright ©2o13 by the American Planning Association, 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, Chicago, IL
<br />60601 -5927. The American Planning Association also has offices at 1030 15th St, NW, Suite 75o West,
<br />Washington, DC 20005 -1503; www.planning.org.
<br />All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
<br />means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
<br />retrieval system, without permission in writing from the American Planning Association.
<br />Printed on recycled paper, including 5o -7o% recycled fiber and lo% postconsumer waste.
<br />ZONINGPRACTICE 2.13
<br />AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION I page 7
<br />
|