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No such reconstruction is usually needed on a controlled access arterial. The initial cost of right-of-way for a controlled access arterial in a new location is generally more than for a non-access controlled highway. However, this cost increase is normally minimal in sparsely developed areas and may be compensated for by: 1. A smaller width of right-of-way for controlled access highways. 2. Reduction in some costly details such as the omission of curbs. Allowances must be made on a non-access controlled highway for additional pavement widths due to the expected reduction in capacity as development begins to interfere with traffic flow. Controlled access highways also provide the following benefits to road users: 1. Reduction in cost of motor vehicle operation resulting from uniform continuous speed as compared to the stop and go ope- ration on a highway without access control. 2. Reduction in the cost of accidents (generally reduced by one-half or more on access controlled highways compared with non-controlled access highways). $. A savings in time resulting from higher operating speeds. 4. Intangible benefits such as relaxation and lack of driving strain. 5. A reduction in auto emission levels as a result of uniform higher operating speeds. Control of access does not necessarily mean high-volume roads, high speed limits, nor grade separations; it simply means elimination of road- side interference. Access control is just as valuable on two-lane road- ways which are expected to operate near capacity or are located in an area expected to develop. Table S defines standards for the application of access-control and Figure 17 illustrates typical application. Recommended Hntrance Permit Policies Bntrance permit regulations have application on all elements of the County road system. They are especially applicable, however, on arterial streets in developed areas where the cost of partial access control is prohibi- tive. I I I 68