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$ouider.
<br />
<br />Throughout [he t98os and
<br />:99os, :he city's voiuncary
<br />ordinance proven ineffective at
<br />~eneradng affordable rousing.
<br />
<br />Manda[oq/ordinance went into
<br />effect in ]ooo. As of june 2Dba, the
<br />program had created approximately
<br />3oo .znic5 of hoosin] ~nd had coi-
<br />tatted St.~ million in ~ees.
<br />
<br />Zamoriogm
<br />Massachuse~r.s
<br />
<br />Tan '/ears ,)( voiuntan/inclu-
<br />sionar'/zoning .aistric[S failed
<br />co .jenerate any affordaOie
<br />housing.
<br />
<br />in '-99t, Cambridge switched co a
<br />manGe[ow program. As of iune
<br />zooa, this mandatow program had
<br />produced t3S housing units Mth 58
<br />more {n ~he pipmine.
<br />
<br />irvine, California
<br />
<br />0eveiopers initiated a switch
<br />to a mandatoo/oral[nonce after
<br />more than 2o years or' confu-
<br />sion and uncertainw under a
<br />voiun[ae¢ pro§ram.
<br />
<br />New manda(or,/ordinance (adopted
<br />in (he ;prfng of 2003) is a concise
<br />orogram with uni(orm e×pectedons
<br />and rewards for dare'oDers..As of
<br />june 2004, the manda[o~ and voi-
<br />uncant pro,rams (oDe[her had c~e-
<br />· a[ed ] &oD affordable homes and
<br />a0artmentS with 75o more in ~he
<br />2ipe{i.ne. The pro,ram also had roi-
<br />(acted $3.8 mi(tion in fees.
<br />
<br />·
<br />
<br />Caiifornia
<br />
<br />A votunr, arv,, ordinance proved
<br />ineffective at creating ~fford-
<br />able hou$in§ in [he ,"ace o/
<br />iocmasin~ housing' costs and
<br />decreasing avaiWbifiW of '~and.
<br />
<br />Passed mandato¢/ordinance in iate
<br />2ooo..As of June zoo4, (he program
<br />had creaEed 4O8 affordabie units
<br />with tS4 more in ~ne pipeiine, l'he
<br />program also nad collected 5'~4 mil.
<br />~ion in fees.
<br />
<br />THE MANOATORY TREND
<br />The current trend in Jndu.~ionaP/housing
<br />§rams is (owaro (he mender, on/end o~ ~he
<br />impiemenEadon spectrum. A survey for .mis
<br />article of available literature and existing pro-
<br />~,rams around the countp! re,/eais only one 5it-
<br />clarion where a communiW switched From a
<br />mandatow (o a voiun~aw program: Orange
<br />Court[y. CMifornia. Accordin~ [o a ~994 report
<br />9roduced b,/the Cati[ornia Coalition for Rural
<br />Housm~, (he swkch ',ed (o a dramatic drop
<br />
<br />a(fordab(e housin§. Accordin§ r.o Oran§e
<br />CounW staff, (he county no ton§er nas a for-
<br />ma[ McWsionarv housin§ pro§ram. The rounD/
<br />does ne§o[ia[e for affordable housing units
<br />on We few remaining vacant parie!s
<br />receive development proposals. Converseiy,
<br />communities nationwide have switched to
<br />mandaton/pro§rams for additional afforDable
<br />units and ~he benefit of L~reater predic~aoiii[y.
<br />0etafls for some of ~hesa communities are
<br />summarized
<br />
<br />}range C,}uncy, 9oiiticai environment
<br />:afifornia
<br />
<br />A decrease in the production of
<br />affordable housing units. The volun-
<br />:aD/~rogram proDuceD 952 ,.mits in
<br />· _~. years -~983-~99zd. The ~anoa-
<br />fop/ore,ram arooucea ~,38~
<br />of ~(focaagie housing m ~our ,/ears
<br />
<br />MANDATORY ORDINANC~.S IN LARGE CITIES
<br />The five largest cJ[ies (o adopt inc!usionary
<br />zonin§--Bos~on, 0enver, Sacrament. o, San
<br />Diego, $an Francisco--chose mandatory
<br />ordinances in ~iqe .:ace of severe affordable
<br />housing shorta§es. This decision reflects
<br />both ,.'he perceived and documented effec-
<br />~.iveness of requirin§ deveiopers to sa~ aside
<br />affordabie units or pay a fee in lieu of build-
<br />m~ units on-si~e. Oenver's manda[orv ordi,
<br />nonce is credited with ~he production of
<br />approxima(e~y %40o units of affordabie
<br />housin~ (cons~ruc:ed or in We devmopmen[
<br />pipeline) since (he (aw was bossed in zoox.
<br />reinforcing Ehe ar~umen( (hat monde[Dry
<br />prosrams are more productive,
<br /> The October issue of Zoning Procdce
<br />wit[ feature a review of big-db/inctusionar,/
<br />zoning pro,rams.
<br />
<br />THE MIDWEST SIGNS ON
<br />
<br />Manda,:ow inctusJonaw zoning programs are no
<br />tonger e×c!usive ~.o hi§h-cost housin§ markets
<br />on the Coasts. in August zoo?, ~he first mclu.
<br />sionap! housin~ ordinanc~ ;n (he Midwest
<br />became Law when Hi~hland Park, I{lino[s, an
<br />~ueflt No~h Shore subur~ of Chicago,
<br />adopted a mandatow mdusionaw zonin~ (aw
<br />mquirin~ a zo patten( affordabiJi(v com0onent
<br />in any de,/eiopmen[ with five or more units bi
<br />housin~ (See "A~uen[ CommuniW Se(s'
<br />Preceder( wi[h incius~onaw Zonin~ Ordinance,"
<br />Oc(ober ~oo3). in !anuap/zoo4, Madison,
<br />Wisconsin, ~oilowed with its own manda[o~
<br />proaram. Pne ordinance requires devetooers of
<br />projects wi[h [o o~ more units (o price ~5 per-
<br />can[ of (hem as affordable.
<br />
<br />THE BO'FrOM LINE
<br />With incWsionar¥ zonin§, the path most cho-
<br />sen appears to be ~he more desirable. The
<br />exoerience of municipmides and counties
<br />nationwide demonstrates [hat mande('or,/
<br />indusionar.v zonin§ ~orks as a pract[c~ and
<br />effective ~ool for ;:mating affordabie hous-'
<br />mD. While :he suc~ass ofvmun~arv ~rograms
<br />;s contingent dn the ~vaiiaOiiity of suosidies
<br />and ~,~gressive s~aff ~moiemen{a[ion.
<br />monde[on/ ;rograms nave prodUCeD more
<br />~(foraame .mi(s }verad, ~s 'Ned ~s more
<br />am(s ~or a ,viqer ;sn~e ,}¢ ~ncome ~eve!s
<br />,w(hm (he ~(fordaOiiiw soe,z;rum--~d ,vier-
<br />au[ ~t[f[inE ]e,/eioomen[.
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