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<br />CHAPTER 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 <br />1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 <br />1.2 Research scope and objectives ........................................................................................................... 2 <br />1.3 Overview of report ............................................................................................................................. 3 <br />CHAPTER 2: Evaluation of Chip Seals in Minnesota ..............................................................................4 <br />2.1 Field locations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 <br />2.2 Field work conducted ......................................................................................................................... 9 <br />2.3 Laboratory work conducted .............................................................................................................12 <br />2.4 Survey of municipal engineers ..........................................................................................................16 <br />CHAPTER 3: Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 17 <br />3.1 Summary of field data and specimens collected ..............................................................................17 <br />3.2 Summary of laboratory data.............................................................................................................24 <br />3.3 Survey results....................................................................................................................................29 <br />3.4 Discussion and observations ............................................................................................................31 <br />CHAPTER 4: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................... 37 <br />4.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................37 <br />4.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................37 <br />REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 39 <br />Appendix A: Field Cores and Observations <br />Appendix B: Mix Testing and Properties <br />Appendix C: Fracture Energy Testing <br />Appendix D: Lab Permeability Testing <br />Appendix E: Hamburg Test Data <br />Appendix F: Nuclear Density and Ground Penetrating Radar Data <br /> <br />