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List of Figures <br />Figure 1.1. Early stage of HMA deterioration under a chip seal (251 Reid). 6 <br />Figure 1.2. A Core showing Stripping below the surface (3) 7 <br />Figure 2.1. Laboratory Permeameter (Left) and Permeability Calculation (Right) 10 <br />Figure 2.2. Permeability vs. Air Voids 10 <br />Figure 2.3. Permeability vs. In -Place Air Voids (Cooley Jr., Brown and Maghsoodloo, 2001)11 <br />Figure 2.4. Lottman Testing 12 <br />Figure 2.5. Tensile Strength Results (TSR) vs. Air Voids 12 <br />Figure 2.6. Visual Examination of TSR specimens 12 <br />Figure 2.7. Tensile Strength vs. Air Voids 13 <br />Figure 2.8. Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA), or Rut Tester 14 <br />Figure 2.9. Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) Test Results of Dry Test 15 <br />Figure 2.10. Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) Test Results of Wet Test 16 <br />Figure 2.11. Visual Examination of APA 'wet' specimens 16 <br />Figure 2.12. 7% and 14% Air Void Specimens (left and Right) before Modified Boiling Test 17 <br />Figure 2.13. 7% and 14% Air Void Specimens (left and Right) after Modified Boiling Test 17 <br />List of Tables <br />Table 2.1. Average Rutting Rates (mm/hr) 15 <br />Executive Summary <br />B-4 <br />