Agenda - Environmental Policy Board - 01/25/2021

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4.2 Contact/Post-Contact Period (1630 A.D. to Present) This period generally refers to the span of time extending from the first European explorations until intensive Euro- when French explorers Marquette and Joliet discovered the upper portion of the Mississippi River. Ten years later, Catholic Missionary Father Louis Hennepin told his story of exploring Minnesota and being held captive by Dakota Indians in the first book written about Minnesota, Description de la Louisiane (Hennepin 1683). The territory containing modern-day Minnesota was claimed at various periods of time by Spain, France, Great Britain, and the United States. Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike led the first United States expedition through the area in 1805, which would ultimately become Minnesota in 1858. Fort St. Anthony (later Ft. Snelling) was completed between 1819 and 1824, and in 1836 the Wisconsin Territory, including a portion of Minnesota, was formed. Just one year later, on September 29th, 1837, during treaty negotiations in Washington, D.C., Dakota leaders ceded their lands between the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. The fur trade drove much of European exploration and settlement into Minnesota prior to territorial frontier settlement in the mid-1800s. While the fur trade impacted Native American communities throughout all of Minnesota, the heaviest impacts came with later Euro-American settlement. Intensive settlement and agriculture dramatically transformed the landscape, displacing large numbers of Native Americans and their communities. In 1862 tensions between white settlers and lworth 1988). The conflict concluded with the largest mass execution in United States history with the hanging of 38 Dakota on December 26, 1862 at Mankato and the deportation of remaining tribal members to Santee, Nebraska. Native American archaeological site types associated with this period are generally consistent with those of earlier periods, but European and Euro-American traders, missionaries, settlers, and industries affected the locations of these sites. This period also includes Euro-American immigrant settlement patterns, subsistence activities, and economic strategies. Sites associated with Euro- American immigrants appear in the mid-nineteenth century. Associated archaeological and historic site types categorized in the Contact/Post-Contact period include standing structures as well as archaeological sites. 5.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Fourteen previously identified archaeological sites and four alpha sites are located within two miles of the project area (Table 1). Alpha sites are versions of archaeological sites which have been reported as potential sites based on mentions in literature, historic mapping (i.e. the 1874 Andreas Atlas), or by individuals reporting casually finding cultural materials; these sites have yet to be field verified through systematic archaeological research and survey. Phase I Archaeological Survey of Proposed Capstone Homes Housing Development 10 Ramsey, Anoka County, Minnesota Nienow Cultural Consultants, LLC