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Anfinson 2008). By the end of this period the climate shifted to a cooler, wetter pattern up until the strong, human -driven, warmer climates of the modern era. Resource gathering technologies during the Archaic included the aforementioned hunting, as well as trapping, fishing, foraging, woodworking and plant processing. Many of the larger, documented sites in the central portion of the state likely began during the end of this period. 4.1.3 Woodland Tradition (800 B.C. to European Contact) In the Midwest region, archaeologists tend to divide the Woodland Tradition into three periods: Early, Middle, and Late. However, Anfinson (1987) and Gibbon (2012) suggest in Minnesota it is more appropriate to divide the era into Initial and Terminal Woodland periods. This view is not as widespread as research would at first suggest, with work including Arzigian's Statewide Multiple Property Documentation Form for the Woodland Tradition (2008), and Buhta et. al. On the Periphery?: Archaeological Investigations of the Woodland Tradition in West- Central Minnesota (2014), retaining the more traditional use of Early, Middle, and Late designations. Beginning approximately 2,800 years ago, peoples in the region experienced increases in population with the advent of first horticultural and then agricultural subsistence strategies to augment already extant systems of hunting, gathering, etc. As populations increased, settlements near favorable transportation and resource corridors shifted from seasonal to year-round occupations as they made forays to collect necessary resources (Johnson 1988; Anfinson 1987:222). The period also witnessed the technical transition from spear/atlatl to bow and arrow weaponry useful for both hunting and warfare. This change in technology lead to the use of smaller projectile points or arrow heads. Similarly, the period also saw the invention of ceramic vessels and it is these vessels and their change over time, from thick walled, grit tempered, conoidal vessels, to thinner walled, shell tempered, globular vessels, which has greatly assisted the archaeological community in further refining their understanding of group identity, cohesion, and integration throughout the region. Indeed, there are more than ten major recognized ceramic complexes for the state with many temporal overlaps, often based more on location than visual representation. A final example representing not only identity and permanence on the landscape, but also religious practices, was the use of earthen burial mounds. Although community size was likely similar between the Early Woodland and Late Archaic periods, by the Late Woodland period, populations were certainly on the rise. 4.2 Contact/Post-Contact Period (1630 A.D. to Present) This period generally refers to the span of time extending from the first European explorations until intensive Euro-American settlement of the region. Minnesota's historic period began in 1673 when French explorers Marquette and Joliet discovered the upper portion of the Mississippi River. Ten years later, Catholic Missionary Father Louis Hennepin told his story of exploring Minnesota and being held captive by Dakota Indians in the first book written about Minnesota, Description de la Louisiane (Hennepin 1683). Phase I Archaeological Survey of Trott Brook Property Ramsey, Anoka County, Minnesota Nienow Cultural Consultants, LLC 8