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Climate-Related Trends Hester,G.,Ford,D.,Carsell,K.,Vertucci, C.,and
<br /> Streamflow changes over long periods of time can be Stallings,E.A.,2006b,Flood management benefits of USGS
<br /> g g p er streamgaging program:National Hydrologic Warning
<br /> important to many water users.With trends based on stream- Council,October 19,20061 48 p.
<br /> flow records of a few decades or less,it can be very difficult to
<br /> tell whether streamflows will continue to change in the same Hodgkins,G.A.,and Dudley,R.W.,2006,Changes in the
<br /> direction or revert to earlier flow amounts. Climate-related timing of winter—spring streamflows in eastern North
<br /> streamflow changes over time also can be conflated with America, 1913-2002: Geophysical Research Letters,v. 33,
<br /> changes resulting from reservoir regulation or watershed land- L06402,doi:10.1029/2005GL025593.
<br /> use change(such as urbanization).The effects of precipitation Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982,Guide-
<br /> and temperature changes on streamflows are better studied by lines for determining flood flow frequency—Bulletin 17B of
<br /> using data from long-record streamgages that are least the Hydrology Subcommittee:U.S. Geological Survey,Office
<br /> disturbed by land-use change,regulation,or other direct of Water-Data Coordination, 183 p.
<br /> human watershed changes; streamgages in various countries Jacobs,J.,2011,The sustainability of water resources in the
<br /> have been designated for this purpose(Whitfield and oth- Colorado River Basin: The Bridge Linking Engineering and
<br /> ers,2012;Burn and others,2012). In the United States,the Society,National Academy of Engineering,v.41,
<br /> most recent evaluation of least-disturbed streamgages was p. 6-12.
<br /> completed in 2011 (Lins, 2012). More than 300 of these least- Lins,H.F.,2012,USGS Hydro-Climatic Data Network 2009
<br /> disturbed long-record streamgages in the continental United y
<br /> (HCDN-2009):U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet
<br /> States are supported by the NSIP to promote stable long-term 2012-30471 4 p.
<br /> funding for these gages(fig. 3).
<br /> Many studies have used least-disturbed streamgages McCabe,G.J.,and Clark,M.P.,2005,Trends and variability
<br /> in the United States to analyze climate-related trends in in snowmelt runoff in the western United States: Journal of
<br /> streamflows.For example,low streamflows have generally Hydrometeorology,v. 6,p.476-482.
<br /> increased in the north-central and northeastern United States National Research Council,2007,Colorado River Basin water
<br /> in the past 70 years; low flows have decreased in parts of the management: Evaluating and adjusting to hydroclimatic
<br /> western and southeastern United States(U.S. Environmental variability:National Academies Report in Brief,
<br /> Protection Agency,2012). Changes over time in annual high February 2007,4 p.
<br /> streamflows have not been as regionally cohesive; increases Tootle,G.A.,Piechota,T.C.,and Singh,A.,2005,Coupled
<br /> occurred in some relatively small regions and decreases in oceanic-atmospheric variability and U.S.
<br /> others(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,2012).Annual streamflow:Water Resources Research,v.41,W12408,
<br /> winter-spring runoff in areas with substantial winter snow- doi:10.1029/2005WR004381.
<br /> pack which can be important for water supply and flood
<br /> risk occurred earlier in the second half of the 20th century U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,2012,Climate change
<br /> for many watersheds in the western and eastern United States indicators in the United States,2012:U.S.Environmental
<br /> Protection Agency,accessed December 23,2013 at http://
<br /> (McCabe and Clark,2005;Hodgkins and Dudley,2006). www epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/society-eco/
<br /> streamflow html.
<br /> Acknowledgments
<br /> Whitfield,P.H.,Burn,D.H.,Hannaford,J.,Higgins,H.,
<br /> Paul Whitfield,University of Saskatchewan,and Donald Hodgkins,G.A.,Marsh,T.,and Looser,U.,2012,Reference
<br /> Burn,University of Waterloo,Ontario,Canada,provided the hydrologic networks I.The status and potential future
<br /> information on Environment Canada Reference Hydrometric directions of national reference hydrologic networks for
<br /> Basin Network streamgages. David Stewart,U.S. Geologi- detecting trends:Hydrological Sciences Journal,v. 57, 18 p.
<br /> cal Survey(USGS),provided information on USGS National
<br /> Streamflow Information Program streamgages.Luke Sturte-
<br /> vant,USGS,provided geographic information
<br /> system support. By Glenn A.Hodgkins,J.Michael Norris,and Robert M.Lent
<br /> References Cited Prepared by the Pembrol(e Publishing Service Center.
<br /> Burn,D.H.,Hannaford,J.,Hodgkins,G.A.,Whitfield,P.H., For more information concerning this report,contact:
<br /> Thorne,R.,and Marsh,T.,2012,Reference hydrologic
<br /> networks II.Using reference hydrologic networks to assess Office of the Associate Director for Water
<br /> climate-driven changes in streamflow:Hydrologic Sciences U.S.Geological Survey National Center,MS 105
<br /> Journal,v. 57, 14 p. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
<br /> Fulp,T.,2005,How low can it go?: Southwest Hydrology, Reston,VA 20192
<br /> March/April 2005,3 p. 703-648-5217
<br /> GS-W—NSIP—Webmaster@usgs.gov
<br /> Hester,G.,Carsell,K.,and Ford,D.,2006a,Benefits of USGS
<br /> streamgaging program:National Hydrologic Warning 0 r visit o u r N S I P site at hup://water:usgs.gov/nsip/
<br /> Council,March 7,2006, 17 p.
<br /> Printed on recycled paper ISSN 2327-6916(print)ISSN 2327-6932(online)
<br /> http.//dx.doi.org.10.3313/fs20143026
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