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more likely to have reported struggling with food insecurity compared to households with income above 300 percent FPL.101 Similarly, low- and moderate -income households reported being housing insecure102 at rates more than twice as high as higher -income households, and low- and moderate -income households reported housing quality hardship103 at rates statistically significantly greater than the rate for higher -income households.104 The economic crisis caused by the pandemic worsened economic outcomes for workers in many low- and moderate -income households. Industries that employed low -wage workers experienced a disproportionate level of job loss. For example, from February 2020 to February 2021, the hospitality and leisure industry lost nearly 3.5 million jobs.105 While the entire industry was impacted, 72 percent of the job losses occurred in the lowest wage service occupations compared to only a 6 percent rate of job loss in the highest wage management and finance jobs.'°6 Similar trends exist in other heavily impacted industries. In public education, the lowest wage occupations, service and transportation jobs, saw a job loss rate of 20 and 26 percent, respectively.107 During that same time period, the highest wage occupations in public education, management, actually saw jobs increase by 7 percent.1 °8 101 Kyle J Casewell and Stephen Zuckerman, Food Insecurity, Housing Hardship, and Medical Care Utilization, Urban Institute (June 2018), available at https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/98701/2001 8 96_foodinsecurity_housinghar dship_medicalcareu tilization_finalized.pdf 102 Housing insecurity is defined as not paying the full amount of rent or mortgage and/or utility bills (gas, oil, or electricity) sometime in the previous 12 months. 103 Housing quality hardship is defined as an affirmative response to one or more questions related to problems with a respondent's physical dwelling: pests and/or insects; leaking roof or ceiling; windows that are broken or cannot shut; exposed electrical wires; broken plumbing (toilet, hot water, other); holes in walls, ceiling, or floor; no appliances (refrigerator or stove); and no phone (of any kind). 104 Id. 105 Elise Gould and Melat Kassa. Low -wage, low -hours workers were hit hardest in the COVID-19 recession: The State of Working America 2020 employment report, Economic Policy Institute (May 2021), available at https://www.epi.org/publication/swa-2020-employment-report/. 106 Id 107 Id. 108 Id. 76