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disproportionately lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic and experienced <br />disproportionate rates of negative health outcomes.180, 181 <br />These disproportionate negative impacts experienced by systemically underserved <br />communities are not novel to the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic downturn. Research <br />shows that historically underserved communities that are experiencing economic and social <br />disparities typically experience disproportionate impacts of economic downturns and natural <br />disasters.182 This pattern held true for the effects of COVID-19 and the economic downturn: <br />historically undeserved groups experienced amplified negative impacts, further widening <br />inequality.183 <br />Many communities facing systemic barriers had not yet recovered from the impact of the <br />Great Recession before experiencing the impacts of COVID-19 and the economic downturn. For <br />example, in 2009, at the end of the Great Recession, households without a high school diploma <br />had an average annual income of $32,300 (measured in 2018 dollars). By 2018, nine years into <br />the economic recovery, those same households saw their average income increase by $600. <br />During that same time period, households with a bachelor's degree saw an increase in their <br />average household income of $6,100 (measured in 2018 dollars).184 <br />18° U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, COVID-19 and Economic Opportunity: Inequities in the <br />Employment Crisis, April 2021. Retrieved from <br />https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files// 199901 /covid-economic-equity-brief.pdf. <br />181 Adelle Simmons et al., Health disparities by race and ethnicity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Current <br />evidence and policy approaches. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services <br />https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files// 1 995 1 6/covid-equity-issue-brief.pdf. <br />182 Perry, Brea L., Brian Aronson, and Bernice A. Pescosolido, Pandemic precarity: COVID-19 is exposing and <br />exacerbating inequalities in the American heartland, National Academy of Sciences (Febuary 2021), <br />https://www.pnas.org/content/118/8/e2020685118. <br />183 Id. <br />184 Jesse Bennet & Rakesh Kochhar, Two Recessions, Two Recoveries, Pew Research Center (December 13, 2019), <br />https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/12/13/two-recessions-two-recoveries-2/. <br />123 <br />