Agenda - Parks and Recreation Commission - 01/09/2025

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art"theorized by artist Suzanne Lacy. The expansion of public art into more participatory methods of exploring public social issues coincides with more collaborative models across different sectors in regard to creating and sustaining public art projects. In general, cross-sector collaborations have proliferated over the past several decades in the United Sates due to several factors. Government downsizing and privatization coincided with the trend of businesses to take on a larger role in social responsibility, while non-profit organizations looked for solutions to numerous complex social issues (Austin, 2000; Gray, 1996; Hart, 2007; Seitanidi, 2007; Selsky and Parker, 2005). The literature in the field of cross-sector collaboration includes the study of inter-organizational relationships. The theories in this field seek to explain the motives for collaboration and their ongoing characteristics, focusing on efficiency, corporate social performance, legitimization, social exchange, strategic management, and resource dependence (Austin, 2000). Bryson, Crosby and Stone (2006, p. 45) concluded from their research that the perceived need to collaborate falls into one of two categories. First, organizations collaborate when they cannot get what they want without collaborating (Hudson et al. 1999; Roberts 2001). That is, they fail into collaboration. Second, an assumption is made that collaborations are always the way to create the best solutions. In fact, they cite that governments and foundations insist that funding recipients collaborate, even if they have little evidence that it will work(Barringer and Harrison 2000; Ostrower 2005). In the art world, the failure of the process to avoid negative impacts associated with public art, resulted in standards that mandate public participation and a broader cross-sector collaboration. The placement and design of the Tilted Arc sculpture in Federal Plaza in New York City directly pitted the rights of the artist against the practical needs of the community. By 63