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HOME - FACTS - TABLES - VIDEOS - INFOGRAPHICS - AGENCIES - RESEARCH <br />TABLES ••• <br />FIGURE 1: RESEARCH ON CONSTRUCTION WORKER MISCLASSIFICATION AND PAYROLL FRAUD, 2004-2023 <br />Authors Year Geography Misclassification Estimates <br />Kelsay <br />Ormiston & <br />Juravich <br />Waddoups, <br />Duncan & <br />Ormistron <br />Juravich, <br />Ormiston & <br />Belman <br />Ormiston, Erlich <br />& Belman <br />Goodell & <br />Manzo <br />Ormiston, <br />Belman & Erlich <br />Xu & Erlich <br />Waddoups, <br />Duncan & <br />Ormiston <br />Theodore, <br />Boggess, Cornejo <br />& Timm <br />Cooke, Figart & <br />Froonjian <br />Yen Liu, Flaming, <br />& Burns <br />Price, Timm, & <br />Tzintzun <br />Kelsay & <br />Sturgeon <br />Kelsay & <br />Sturgeon <br />Canak & Adams <br />Belman & Block <br />Donahue, <br />Lamare, & Kotler <br />Office of <br />Legislative <br />Auditor <br />Carre & Wilson <br />Carre & Wilson <br />2021 <br />2021 <br />2021 <br />Missouri <br />Rhode Island <br />Nevada <br />Massachusetts <br />New York <br />21% of construction industry workers were either <br />misclassified or working "off -the -books" <br />12% of construction employers are misclassifying <br />workers, affecting 8% of the industry workforce <br />14% of blue-collar construction workers are <br />misclassified or employed off -the -books <br />More than one -in -six employers (17% to 18%) <br />misclassify workers, affecting 9% to 16% of workers <br />13% to 21% misclassified or working off -the -books <br />2021 Wisconsin, Minnesota, 18% are misclassified or paid off the books, including <br />and Illinois 23% in MN, 20% in IL, and 10% in WI <br />2020 United States 12%-21% estimated illegal employment rate nationally <br />2019 Washington 19% estimated misclassification by employers <br />2019 Nevada 11% of construction workforce misclassified or off -the - <br />books (14% when excluding white-collar workers) <br />2017 Six Southern Cities Survey of 1,435 construction workers found 32% were <br />misclassified or working off -the -books <br />Estimated 144,000 workers were misclassified or <br />2016 New Jersey unreported (16% of the labor force), with highest rates <br />among helpers, painters, and laborers <br />2014 California 16% of construction workers not reported or <br />misclassified <br />2013 Texas Survey of 1,194 construction workers found 41% were <br />misclassified or workng off -the -books <br />2011 Kentucky 8% of construction employees misclassified <br />2010 Indiana 15% of construction employees misclassified <br />2010 Tennessee <br />Between 12,000 and 39,000 construction workers <br />estimated to be misclassified or unreported <br />26% of construction firms misclassified employees, <br />2009 Michigan misclassifying 6% of the entire industry workforce <br />2007 New York 15% of the construction workforce is misclassified <br />15% of construction firms misclassified employees; <br />2007 Minnesota rates were highest in roofing (38%) and drywall <br />installation (31%) <br />2005 Maine 11% of construction workers misclassified <br />2004 Massachusetts At least 5% misclassified as independent contractors <br />28 <br />