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HOME - FACTS - TABLES - VIDEOS - INFOGRAPHICS - AGENCIES - RESEARCH <br />FIGURE 2: RESEARCH ON TAX FRAUD DUE TO CONSTRUCTION WORKER MISCLASSIFICATION, 2004-2023 <br />Authors Year Geography <br />State Income Unemployment Workers' Federal Social Security <br />Taxes Insurance Compensation Income Tax and Medicaid <br />Kelsay <br />2023 Missouri <br />Ormiston & 2022 Rhode Island <br />Juravich <br />Waddoups, <br />Duncan & 2021 Nevada <br />Ormistron <br />Juravich, <br />$7-$41 $37-$78 <br />Ormiston & 2021 Massachusetts million million million <br />Belman <br />Ormiston, <br />$15-$56 $29-$109 $93-$297 <br />Erlich & 2021 New York $49 million $289 million <br />Belman million million million <br />$33.2-$104.1 $70.9-118.2 <br />million million <br />$9.0-$45.2 <br />million <br />$2-$7 <br />million <br />$16.7-$27.8 <br />million <br />$7-$10 <br />million <br />$41.3-$68.9 <br />million <br />$1-$2 <br />million <br />$11.8 million $31.1 million <br />Goodell & Wisconsin, $60 million (IL) $23 million (IL) $103 million (IL) <br />2021 Minnesota, $65 million (MN) $13 million (MN) $58 million (MN) <br />Manzo <br />and Illinois $8 million (WI) $6 million (WI) $26 million (WI) <br />Ormiston, <br />Belman, & 2020 United States $160-$552 $701-$725 $1.74 $319 million $1.4-$4.3 <br />Erlich million million billion - $1.3 billion billion <br />Xu & Erlich 2019 Washington $152 $54 $77 million $60 <br />million million million <br />Waddoups, <br />Duncan & Nevada $7 million $12 million $31 million <br />Ormiston <br />Cooke, <br />Figart & New Jersey $20 million $3-7 million <br />Froonjian <br />Yen Liu, <br />Flaming, California <br />& Burns <br />Price, <br />Timm, & Texas $55 million <br />TzintzGn <br />Kelsay & 2011 Kentucky <br />Sturgeon <br />Kelsay & 2010 Indiana <br />Sturgeon <br />Canak & <br />Adams 2010 Tennessee <br />Belman & <br />Block 2009 Michigan $2.5 million <br />Kelsay, <br />Sturgeon, 2006 Illinois $9-$15 $2 $23-$35 <br />& Pinkham million million million <br />Carre & <br />Wilson Maine $3 million $0.3 million $7 million <br />Carre & $4-$7 $1-$4 $7 <br />Wilson Massachusetts million million million <br />$6-$12 $2 $3-$5 $18-$30 $11-$18 <br />million million million million million <br />$11-$18 $2 $4-$8 <br />million million million <br />$63 $264 $301 <br />million million million <br />$14.9 million $91.6 million $73.4 million $42.1 million <br />29 <br />