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Statistics found that in 1971, fully 60% of blue-collar construction workers were covered by a collective
<br />bargaining agreement (Elrod, "Built Trades") compared to 18.1% in 2016 (CPWR— The Center for
<br />Construction Research and Training, "The Construction Chart Book: The U.S. Construction Industry and
<br />Its Workers, Sixth Edition," February 2018, httos://www.cowr.com/wa-content/uoloads/oublications/
<br />The 6th Edition Construction eChart Book.odf.)
<br />7 Mark Erlich and Jeff Grabelsky, "Standing at a Crossroads: The Building Trades in the Twenty -
<br />First Century," Labor History46, no. 4 (2005): 424-25, https://doi.or9/10.1080/00236560500266241.
<br />8 Ormiston et al., "Rebuilding Residential Construction," 2020.
<br />9 Elrod, "Built Trades."
<br />10 Erlich, "Misclassification in Construction."
<br />11 CPWR— The Center for Construction Research and Training, "The Construction Chart Book: The
<br />U.S. Construction Industry and Its Workers, Fourth Edition," December 2007, httos://www.cowr.com/
<br />wo-content/uoloads/oublications/CB4 Final-for-web.odf.
<br />12 Katharine R. Levit, Gary L. Olin, and Suzanne W. Letsch, "Americans' Health Insurance
<br />Coverage, 1980-91," Health Care Financing Review 14, no. 1 (1992): 31-57.
<br />13 CPWR— The Center for Construction Research and Training, "The Construction Chart Book,
<br />Sixth Edition."
<br />14 CPWR— The Center for Construction Research and Training.
<br />15 CPWR— The Center for Construction Research and Training.
<br />16 Nik Theodore, Bethany Boggess, and Emily Timm, "Build a Better South: Construction Working
<br />Conditions in the Southern U.S." (Workers Defense Project, Partnership for Working Families, and the
<br />University of Illinois at Chicago, 2017), httos://workersdefense.org/wo-content/ubloads/2020/10/
<br />research/Build%20a%20Better°%20South.odf.
<br />17 Matthew F. Capece, "Fraudulent Schemes and Violations of Employment, Tax and Other Laws
<br />in the Construction Industry" (United Brotherhood of Carpenters, July 16, 2021).
<br />18 Russell Ormiston et al., "Rebuilding Residential Construction," in Creating Good Jobs: An
<br />Industry -Based Strategy, ed. Paul Osterman (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020), 76.
<br />19 Erlich, "Misclassification in Construction."
<br />20 Ormiston et al., "Rebuilding Residential Construction," 2020.
<br />21 Yvonne Yen Liu and Daniel Flaming, "Sinking Underground: The Growing Informal Economy in
<br />California Construction" (Economic Roundtable, September 2014), https://economicrt.ora/publication/
<br />sinking -underground/.
<br />22 Franco Ordonez and Mandy Locke, "IRS"Safe Harbor' Loophole Frustrates Those Fighting
<br />Labor Tax Cheats," McClatchy Washington Bureau, December 14, 2014, httos://www.mcclatchvdc.com/
<br />news/nation-world/national/economv/article24777397.html.
<br />23 Erlich, "Misclassification in Construction."
<br />24 Matt Capece, "Construction Industry Tax Rip -Off Estimated at $2.6 Billion -1.2 Million
<br />Construction Workers Paid Off -the Books" (Alliance for Construction Excellence, March 15, 2019),
<br />htta://www.allianceforconstructionexcellence.ora/construction-industry-tax-rib-off-estimated-at-2-6-
<br />billion-1-2-million-construction-workers-paid-off-the-books/.
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