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25 Annette Bernhardt et al., "Broken Laws, Unprotected Workers: Violations of Employment and
<br />Labor Laws in America's Cities" (Center for Urban Economic Development; National Employment Law
<br />Project; UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, 2009), https://www.nelp.org/wp-
<br />content/unloads/2015/03/Broken LawsReport2009.pdf.
<br />26 Russell Ormiston, Dale Belman, and Mark Erlich, "An Empirical Methodology to Estimate the
<br />Incidence and Costs of Payroll Fraud in the Construction Industry," January 2020, https://stoptaxfraud.
<br />net/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/National-Carpenters-Studv_ -Methodology-for-Wage-and-Tax-
<br />Fraud-Report-FINAL.adf.
<br />27 Liu and Flaming, "Sinking Underground: The Growing Informal Economy in California
<br />Construction."
<br />28 Francoise Carre, "(In)Dependent Contractor Misclassification" (Economic Policy Institute, June
<br />8, 2015), https://www.eoi.ora/publication/independent-contractor-misclassification/.
<br />29 Capece, "Fraudulent Schemes and Violations of Employment, Tax and Other Laws in the
<br />Construction Industry," 1.
<br />30 Ormiston, Belman, and Erlich, "An Empirical Methodology to Estimate the Incidence and Costs
<br />of Payroll Fraud in the Construction Industry," January 2020.
<br />31 Theodore, Boggess, and Timm, "Build a Better South."
<br />32 Teresa A. Coughlin, Haley Samuel-Jakubos, and 2021, "Sources of Payment for
<br />Uncompensated Care for the Uninsured" (Kaiser Family Foundation, April 6, 2021), httos://www.kff.
<br />or9/uninsured/issue-brief/sources-of-pavment-for-uncompensated-care-for-the-uninsured/.
<br />33 CPWR— The Center for Construction Research and Training, "The Construction Chart Book,
<br />Sixth Edition."
<br />34 Undocumented immigrants have long been excluded from receiving assistance from
<br />federal benefit programs, except under specific circumstances. For more information see: National
<br />Immigration Law Center, Overview of Immigrant Eligibility for Federal Programs, https://www.nilc.ora/
<br />issues/economic-support/table ovrw fedproas/.
<br />35 Ormiston, Belman, and Erlich, "An Empirical Methodology to Estimate the Incidence and Costs
<br />of Payroll Fraud in the Construction Industry," January 2020. Under their most aggressive assumptions,
<br />the authors estimate construction payroll fraud causes Social Security and Medicare shortfalls of up to
<br />$6 billion per year; federal income tax losses of more than $2 billion; and state tax revenue shortfalls of
<br />$917 million.
<br />36 Sara Hinkley, Annette Bernhardt, and Sarah Thomason, "Race to the Bottom: How Low -Road
<br />Subcontracting Affects Working Conditions in California's Property Services Industry" (UC Berkeley
<br />Center for Labor Research and Education, March 8, 2016), http://laborcenter.berkelev.edu/race-to-
<br />the-bottom/.
<br />37 Sylvia A. Allegretto et al., "Fast Food, Poverty Wages: The Public Cost of Low -Wage Jobs in the
<br />Fast -Food Industry," October 15, 2013, http://laborcenter.berkelev.edu/fast-food-poverty-waaes-the-
<br />public-cost-of-low-waae-lobs-in-the-fast-food-industrv/.
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